Metadata Resources

Selected Reference Documents, Web Sites, Books, Articles, and Other Resources
Compiled by Steven Jack Miller, Senior Lecturer Emeritus, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
Last updated: July 24, 2022

Metadata

Meta + Data = Data about data: structured statements (properties and values) that give information about information and knowledge resources. This information may be used to organize, describe, find, access, index, collocate, structure, navigate, preserve, and manage those resources.
Metadata is logically separate from the resource it is about, even when embedded within the resource. “Descriptive Metadata” consists of data elements and values for resource description and discovery (access, retrieval): data elements that connect users to information resources in a structured, controlled way.

Introductions to Metadata for Cultural Heritage Applications

Introductions to Linked Data and Ontologies

Typology of Metadata Standards

  1. Data Structure Standards (element sets; schemes, schemas, or schemata) (examples: Dublin Core, MODS, CDWA, VRA, LOM, RDA elements, BIBFRAME)
  2. Data Content Standards (cataloging rules, input standards, best practice guides) (examples: RDA rules, CCO, DACS)
  3. Data Value Standards (controlled vocabularies, encoding schemes) (examples: LCSH, AAT, TGN, LCTGM, ULAN, W3CDTF, DCMIType)
  4. Data Format / Technical Interchange Standards (encoding standards for machine processing and interchange) (examples: XML, SGML, MARC)
  5. Data Presentation Standards (examples: ISBD punctuation, CSS and/or XSLT for display, OPAC display settings)
Diagram created by Steven Jack Miller

The first four parts of this typology have been taken and adapted from various sources in recent metadata literature, including the following, among others:

  • Gilliland, Anne J. “Setting the Stage.” In Baca, Murtha (editor). Introduction to Metadata. Second [Revised] Edition. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2008. Page 3. Also available online in Version 3.0: https://www.getty.edu/publications/intrometadata/setting-the-stage/
  • Zeng, Marcia Lei & Jian Qin. Metadata. New York: Neal-Schuman, 2008. Page 15.
  • Elings, Mary W. and Günter Waibel. “Metadata for All: Descriptive Standards and Metadata Sharing across Libraries, Archives and Museums.” First Monday 12:3 (March 2007). https://firstmonday.org/article/view/1628/1543
  • Descriptive Metadata Guidelines for RLG Cultural Materials. The Research Libraries Group (RLG), 2005. Pages 3-5.
  • Karim Boughida, “CDWA Lite for Cataloging Cultural Objects (CCO): A New XML Schema for the Cultural Heritage Community,” in Humanities, Computers and Cultural Heritage: Proceedings of the XVI International Conference of the Association for History and Computing: 14–17 (September 2005) Amsterdam: Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2005.

I have added the fifth category in response to RDA’s identification of ISBD punctuation as a presentation standard which can be separated from the bibliographic elements and content rules. The examples given above are a mix of formal international or national standards and informal local standards.

For a more comprehensive graphical overview of metadata standards:
Seeing Standards: A Visualization of the Metadata Universe by Jenn Riley: http://jennriley.com/metadatamap/

Metadata Standards and Resources

Contents

  1.   General Metadata Resources
  2.   Metadata Structure Standards (Element Sets or Schemes)
  3.   Metadata Value Standards (Controlled Vocabularies; Syntax Encoding Schemes)
  4.   Metadata Encoding, Exchange, Format, and Interoperability Standards
  5.   Metadata Mappings / Crosswalks
  6.   Metadata Models and Frameworks
  7.   Linked Data and Semantic Web
  8.   Resource Description and Access (RDA)
  9.   Selected Application Profile, Data Dictionary, Best Practice Guide Examples
  10.   Selected Digital Library Examples
  11.   Selected Digital Collection Examples
  12.   Software and Tools
  13.   Some Sources for Continuing Education Events and Resources

Selected Readings and Resources
  1. General Metadata Resources
  1. Metadata Structure Standards (Element Sets or Schemes/Schemas)
  1. Metadata Value Standards (Controlled Vocabularies; Syntax Encoding Schemes)
  1. Metadata Encoding, Exchange, Format, and Interoperability Standards
  1. Metadata Mappings / Crosswalks
  1. Metadata Models and Frameworks
  1. Linked Data and Semantic Web
  1. Resource Description and Access (RDA)
  1. Selected Application Profile, Data Dictionary, Best Practice Guide Examples
  1. Selected Digital Library Examples
  1. Selected Digital Collection Examples
  1. Software and Tools
  1. Some Sources for Continuing Education Events and Resources

Selected Readings and Resources

Citations in bold font are especially recommended

Allemang, Dean, James Hendler, and Fabien Gandon. 2020. Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist: Effective Modeling for Linked Data, RDFS, and OWL.  Third Edition. ACM Books.

Baca, Murtha (editor). 2016. Introduction to Metadata. Third Edition. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. http://www.getty.edu/publications/intrometadata/

Baca, Murtha, and Patricia Harpring, eds. Revised by Patricia Harpring. 2016. Categories for the Description of Works of Art. J. Paul Getty Trust.

Baca, Murtha, Patricia Harpring, Elisa Lanzi, Linda McRae, and Ann Baird Whiteside, ed. 2006. Cataloging Cultural Objects: A Guide to Describing Cultural Works and Their Images. Chicago: American Library Association.

Baca, Murtha, Patricia Harpring, Jon Ward, and Antonio Beecroft, eds. 2017. “Metadata Standards Crosswalk” Compiled by Murtha Baca, Sherman Clarke, Jan Eklund, Anne J. Gilliland, Patricia Harpring, Mary S. Woodley, and Elizabeth O’Keefe. Revised by Patricia Harpring 2017. https://www.getty.edu/research/publications/electronic_publications/intrometadata/crosswalks.html

Baker, Thomas, et al. 2011. “Library Linked Data Incubator Group Final Report.” W3C Incubator Group Report 25. https://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/lld/XGR-lld-20111025/.

Berners-Lee, Tim, James Hendler, and Ora Lassila. 2001. “The Semantic Web.” Scientific American, May, p. 29-37.

Berners-Lee, Tim. 2006. “Design Issues: Linked Data.” (Personal notes blog post, July 27. Last change June 18 2009). http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html.

Bishoff, Liz, and Elizabeth S. Meagher. 2004. “Building Heritage Colorado: The Colorado Digitization Experience.” In Metadata in Practice, edited by Diane Hillmann and Elaine Westbrooks, 17–36. Chicago: ALA.

Broughton, Vanda. 2006. Essential Thesaurus Construction. London: Facet.

Bruce, Thomas R., and Diane I. Hillmann. 2004. “The Continuum of METADATA Quality: Defining, Expressing, Exploiting.” In Metadata in Practice, edited by Diane Hillmann and Elaine Westbrooks, 238–256. Chicago: American Library Association.

Cantara, Linda. 2005. “METS: The Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard.” Cataloging & Classification Quarterly 40, no. 3/4: 237–253.

Carlson, Scott, Cory Lampert, Darnelle Melvin, and Anne Washington. 2020. Linked Data for the Perplexed Librarian. Chicago: ALA Editions.

Carson, A.L. , and Carol Ou. 2019. “Metadata Revisited: Updating Metadata Profiles and Practices in a Vendor-Hosted Repository.” Library Resources and Technical Services, 63, no. 4. (Oct.) p. 196-205.

Chopey, Michael A. 2005. “Planning and Implementing a Metadata-Driven Digital Repository.” Cataloging & Classification Quarterly 40, no. 3/4: 255–287. Co-published in Metadata: A Cataloger’s Primer, edited by Richard P. Smiraglia, p. 255–287, Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press.

Cole, Timothy W., Myung-Ja (MJ) K. Han, and Christine Schwartz. 2018. Coding with XML for Efficiencies in Cataloging and Metadata: Practical Applications of XSD, XSLT, and XQuery. ALA Editions.

Coyle, Karen. 2005. “Understanding Metadata and its Purpose.” Journal of Academic Librarianship 31, no. 2 (March): 160–163.

Coyle, Karen. 2010. Understanding the Semantic Web: Bibliographic Data and Metadata. Library Technology Reports, vol. 46, no. 1. Chicago: American Library Association.

Crandall Michael D, et al. 2017. “LD4PE: A Competency-based Guide to Linked Data Principles and Practices.” Proceedings of the International Conference on Dublin Core and Metadata Applications 2017. https://dcpapers.dublincore.org/pubs/article/view/3855.

Digital Library Federation (DLF) Assessment Interest Group (AIG) Metadata Working Group. 2017. “Metadata Assessment Framework and Guidance.” https://dlfmetadataassessment.github.io/framework

Digital Library Federation (DLF). 2008. “Introduction to Best Practices for Shareable Metadata.” Last modified January 17.

Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI). 2005. “Using Dublin Core – Dublin Core Qualifiers.” November 7. http://dublincore.org/documents/usageguide/qualifiers.shtml.

Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI). 2008. “XML Schemas to Support the Guidelines for implementing Dublin Core in XML” https://www.dublincore.org/schemas/xmls/

Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI). 2012. “Dublin Core Metadata Element Set, Version 1.1: Reference Description.” http://www.dublincore.org/documents/dces/.

Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI). 2020. “DCMI Metadata Terms.” https://www.dublincore.org/specifications/dublin-core/dcmi-terms/.

Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI). 2020. “Glossary.” https://www.dublincore.org/resources/glossary/.

Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI). 2020. “Metadata Basics.” https://www.dublincore.org/resources/metadata-basics/.

DuCharme. 2013. Learning SPARQL, 2nd ed. O’Reilly Media.

Elings, Mary W. and Günter Waibel. 2007. “Metadata for All: Descriptive Standards and Metadata Sharing across Libraries, Archives and Museums.” First Monday 12, no. 3 (March). https://firstmonday.org/article/view/1628/1543.

Europeana Metadata Quality Task Force. 2015. “Report and Recommendations from the Europeana Task Force on Metadata Quality.” Den Haag, May 2015. https://pro.europeana.eu/files/Europeana_Professional/Europeana_Network/metadata-quality-report.pdf.

Evans, Bruce J., Karen Snow, Elizabeth Shoemaker, Maurine McCourry, Allison Yanos, Jennifer A. Liss, and Susan Rathbun-Grubb. 2018. “Competencies through Community Engagement: Developing the Core Competencies for Cataloging and Metadata Professional Librarians.” Library Resources and Technical Services 62, no. 4, Oct., 187-197.

Foulonneau, Muriel, and Jenn Riley. 2008. Metadata for Digital Resources: Implementation, Systems Design and Interoperability. Oxford, UK: Chandos.

Furrie, Betty, and Follett Software Company. 2009. Understanding MARC Bibliographic: Machine-Readable Cataloging. Washington, DC: Library of Congress. http://www.loc.gov/marc/umb/.

Georgieva, Marina. 2019. “Data Remediation at Scale: How to Clean Up Your Metadata Quickly and Effectively Using Excel.” Presentation at 2019 Conference Of Inter-Mountain Archivists & Society Of Southwest Archivists Joint Annual Meeting, Tucson, AZ. https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/libfacpresentation/191/.

Getty Research Institute. 2019. “Getty Vocabularies as Linked Open Data.” https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/lod/.

Gilliland, Anne J. 2016. “Setting the Stage.” In Introduction to Metadata. 3rd ed., edited by Murtha Baca. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. https://www.getty.edu/publications/intrometadata/setting-the-stage/

Greenberg, Jane. 2005. “Understanding Metadata and Metadata Schemes.” In Metadata: A Cataloger’s Primer, edited by Richard P. Smiraglia, 17–36. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press.

Gueguen, Gretchen. 2019. “Metadata quality at scale: Metadata quality control at the Digital Public Library of America.” Journal of Digital Media Management 7, no. 2: 115-126.

Han, Myung-Ja, Christine Cho, Timothy W. Cole, and Amy S. Jackson. 2009. “Metadata for Special Collections in CONTENTdm: How to Improve Interoperability of Unique Fields Through OAI-PMH.” Journal of Library Metadata 9, no. 3/4: 213–238.

Hancock, Richell. 2017. “The Semantic Web And The Changing Information Landscape: A Discussion Paper.” The New Zealand Library & Information Management Journal. Volume: 56, Issue: 2, pages: 32-36.

Harpring, Patricia. 2002. “The Language of Images: Enhancing Access to Images by Applying Metadata Schemas and Structured Vocabularies.” In Introduction to Art Image Access Issues, Tools, Standards, Strategies, edited by Murtha Baca. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. http://www.getty.edu/research/publications/electronic_publications/intro_aia/harpring.pdf.

Haynes, David. 2018. Metadata for Information Management and Retrieval. Second Edition. London: Facet Publishing.

Heather Moulaison Sandy & Chris Freeland. 2016. “The Importance of Interoperability: Lessons from the Digital Public Library of America.” International Information & Library Review, 48:1, 45-50.

Hedden, Heather. 2016. The Accidental Taxonomist. Second Edition. Medford, New Jersey: Information Today.

Hicks, Emily A., Jody Perkins, and Margaret Beecher Maurer. 2007. “Application Profile Development for Consortial Digital Libraries: An OhioLINK Case Study.” Library Resources and Technical Services 51, no. 2: 33–43.

Hillmann, Diane I., and Elaine L. Westbrooks. 2004. Metadata in Practice. Chicago: American Library Association.

Hutt, Arwen, and Jenn Riley. 2005. “Semantics and Syntax of Dublin Core Usage in Open Archives Initiative Data Providers of Cultural Heritage Materials.” In Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries, Denver, CO, June 7–11, 2005, 262–270. New York: ACM Press.

Hyvönen, Eero. 2012. Publishing and Using Cultural Heritage Linked Data on the Semantic Web. San Rafael, Calif.: Morgan & Claypool.

Isaac, Antoine. 2010. “SKOS and Linked Data.” Slide presentation at the International Society for Knowledge Organization (ISKO) Conference, London, Sept. 14, 2010. https://www.slideshare.net/antoineisaac/skos-and-linked-data.

Jackson, Amy S., Myung-Ja Han, Kurt Groetsch, Megan Mustafoff, and Timothy W. Cole. 2008. “Dublin Core Metadata Harvested Through OAI-PMH.” Journal of Library Metadata 8, no. 1: 5–21.

Johnston, Pete. 2006. “Metadata Sharing and XML.” In Good Practice Guide for Developers of Cultural Heritage Web Services. Bath, UK: UKOLN. Last modified January. http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/interop-focus/gpg/Metadata/.

Jones, Ed, and Michele Seikel, eds. 2016. Linked Data for Cultural Heritage. Chicago: ALA Editions.

Joudrey, Daniel N. and Arlene G Taylor, with the assistance of Katherine M. Wisser. 2018. The Organization of Information. 4th ed. Santa Barbara, CA: Libraries Unlimited.

Krug, Steve. 2014. Don’t Make Me Think, Revisited: A Common Sense Approach to Web Usability. 3rd ed. Berkeley, CA: New Riders Press.

Lampert, Cory K. 2017. “Looking at Linked Data from a Digital Asset Management Perspective.” Journal of Digital Media Management 6 (2): 161-173 (December).

Lampert, Cory, and Silvia B. Southwick. 2013. “Leading to Linking: Introducing Linked Data to Academic Library Digital Collections.” Journal of Library Metadata 13 (2-3): 230-253 (July).

Layne, Sara Shatford, Patricia Harpring, Colum Hourihane, and Christine L. Sundt. 2002. Introduction to Art Image Access Issues, Tools, Standards, Strategies, edited by Murtha Baca. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. http://www.getty.edu/publications/virtuallibrary/0892366664.html.

Layne, Sara Shatford. 1994. “Some Issues in the Indexing of Images.” Journal of the American Society for Information Science 45, no. 8: 583–588.

Layne, Sara Shatford. 2002. “Subject Access to Art Images.” In Introduction to Art Image Access Issues, Tools, Standards, Strategies, edited by Murtha Baca. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. http://www.getty.edu/research/publications/electronic_publications/intro_aia/layne.pdf.

Leise, Fred, Karl Fast, and Mike Steckel. 2002. “What Is a Controlled Vocabulary?” Boxes and Arrows. https://boxesandarrows.com/what-is-a-controlled-vocabulary/.

Library of Congress. “ID.LOC.GOV – Linked Data Service.” https://id.loc.gov/.

Library of Congress. 1995. “II. Indexing Images: Some Principles.” In Thesaurus for Graphic Materials I: Subject Terms (TGM I). http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/tgm1/.

Library of Congress. 2012. “Library of Congress Photos on Flickr.” https://www.loc.gov/rr/print/flickr_pilot.html.

Library of Congress. 2012. “MODS/RDF Namespace Document, DRAFT, Updated: 2012-06-19”. http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/modsrdf/v1/.

Library of Congress. 2020. MODS User Guidelines (Version 3). Last updated Aug. 7. https://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/userguide/

Lim, Shirley and Chern Li Liew. 2011. “Metadata quality and interoperability of GLAM digital images.” Aslib Proceedings: New Information Perspectives 63, no. 5.

Matusiak, Krystyna K. 2006. “Towards User-centered Indexing in Digital Image Collections.” OCLC Systems & Services 22, no. 4: 283–298.

Miller, Paul. 2004. “Metadata: What It Means for Memory Institutions.” In Metadata Applications and Management, edited by G.E. Gorman and Daniel G. Dorner, 4–16. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press.

Miller, Steven J. 2010. “The One-to-One Principle: Challenges in Current Practice.” In Proceedings of the International Conference on Dublin Core and Metadata Applications, edited by Diane I. Hillmann and Michael Lauruhn, 150–164. https://dcpapers.dublincore.org/pubs/article/view/1043.

Miller, Steven J. 2022. Metadata for Digital Collections: A How-To-Do-It Manual. Second Edition. Chicago: ALA Neal-Schuman.

Miller, Steven J. 2015. “Ontologies for Semantic Applications.”  In: Ontology for Knowledge Organization. Edited by R. Smiraglia and H.L Lee. Würzburg: Ergon Verlag.

Mitchell, Eric T. 2016. “Library Linked Data: Early Activity & Development.” Library Technology Reports, Vol. 52, no. 1 (January). ALA TechSource. https://journals.ala.org/ltr/issue/view/534.

National Information Standards Organization (NISO). 2004. Understanding Metadata. Bethesda, MD: NISO Press.

National Information Standards Organization (NISO). 2007. A Framework of Guidance for Building Good Digital Collections, 3rd edition. NISO. http://framework.niso.org/.

National Information Standards Organization (NISO). 2010. ANSI/NISO Z39.19-2005 (R2010). Guidelines for the Construction, Format, and Management of Monolingual Controlled Vocabularies. Baltimore, Maryland: National Information Standards Organization. https://www.niso.org/publications/ansiniso-z3919-2005-r2010

Nevile, Liddy, and Sophie Lissonnet. 2006. “Dublin Core and Museum Information: Metadata as Cultural Heritage Data.” International Journal of Metadata, Semantics and Ontologies 1, no. 3: 198–206.

OAI (Open Archives Initiative). 2015. OAI-PMH (The Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting) Protocol Version 2.0 of 2002-06-14. Document Version 2015-01-08 . http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/openarchivesprotocol.htm.

Ochoa, Xavier, and Erik Duval. 2009. “Automatic evaluation of metadata quality in digital repositories.” International Journal on Digital Libraries 10, no. 2-3: 67–91.

OCLC. 2013. “Best Practices for CONTENTdm and Other OAI-PMH Complaint Repositories.” Version 3.1 (June). https://silo.tips/download/best-practices-for-contentdm-and-other-oai-pmh-compliant-repositories-creating-s

OCLC. 2020. “Best practices for creating sharable metadata.” August 7. https://help.oclc.org/Metadata_Services/CONTENTdm/Get_started/best_practices

Palavitsinis, Nikos, Nikos Manouselis, and Salvador Sanchez‐Alonso. 2014. “Metadata Quality in Digital Repositories: Empirical Results from the Cross-Domain Transfer of a Quality Assurance Process.” Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology 65, no. 6: 1202-1216.

Pattuelli, M.C., Provo, A. Thorsen, H. 2015. “Ontology Building for Linked Open Data: A Pragmatic Perspective.” Journal of Library Metadata. Vol. 15, no. 3-4, p. 265-294.

Powell, Andy, and Pete Johnston. 2003. “Guidelines for implementing Dublin Core in XML.” Dublin Core Metadata Initiative. https://www.dublincore.org/specifications/dublin-core/dc-xml-guidelines/2003-04-02/.

Powell, Andy, Michael Nilsson, Ambjörn Naeve, Pete Johnston, and Thomas Baker. 2007. “DCMI Abstract Model.” June 4. Dublin Core Metadata Initiative. https://www.dublincore.org/specifications/dublin-core/abstract-model/.

Riley, Jenn, John Chapman, Sarah Shreeves, Laura Akerman, and William Landis. 2008. “Promoting Shareability: Metadata Activities of the DLF Aquifer Initiative.” Journal of Library Metadata 8, no. 3: 221–248.

Riley, Jenn. 2017. Understanding Metadata: What is Metadata, and What is it For?: A Primer. National Information Standards Organization. https://www.niso.org/publications/understanding-metadata-2017.

Riva, Pat, Patrick Le Bœuf, and Maja Žumer. 2017. IFLA Library Reference Model: A Conceptual Model for Bibliographic Information. Den Haag, Netherlands: International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA). https://www.ifla.org/files/assets/cataloguing/frbr-lrm/ifla-lrm-august-2017_rev201712.pdf.

Rosenfeld, Louis, Peter Morville, and Jorge Arango. 2015. Information Architecture for the Web and Beyond. 4th ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly.

Schreur, Philip Evan. 2012. “The Academy Unbound: Linked Data as Revolution.” Library Resources & Technical Services, vol. 55, no. 4, October, pages 227-237.

Shreeves, by Sarah L., Jenn Riley, and Kat Hagedorn, eds. 2007. “Best Practices for OAI Data Provider Implementations and Shareable Metadata.” Digital Library Federation (DLF). http://hdl.handle.net/2142/50272.

Shreeves, Sarah L. 2005. “The Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting.” In Technology for the Rest of Us: A Primer on Computer Technologies for the Low-Tech

Shreeves, Sarah L., Jenn Riley, and Liz Milewicz. 2006. “Moving Towards Shareable Metadata.” First Monday 11, no. 8. https://www.firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1386/1304.

Singhal, Amit. 2012. “Introducing the Knowledge Graph: things, not strings”. Posted on the Official Google Blog, May 16, 2012. https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2012/05/introducing-knowledge-graph-things-not.html.

Smiraglia, Richard P., ed. 2005. Metadata: A Cataloger’s Primer. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press. Co-published simultaneously as Cataloging & Classification Quarterly 40, no. 3/4 (2005).

Smith-Yoshimura, Karen. 2020. “Transitioning to the Next Generation of Metadata.” Dublin, Ohio: OCLC. https://www.oclc.org/research/publications/2020/oclcresearch-transitioning-next-generation-metadata.html.

Southwick, Silvia B. 2015. “A Guide for Transforming Digital Collections Metadata into Linked Data Using Open Source Technologies.” Journal of Library Metadata 15 (1): 1-35 (January).

St. Pierre, Margaret, and William P. LaPlant. 1998. “Issues in Crosswalking: Content Metadata Standards.” National Information Standards Institute (NISO). October 15.

Sullivan, Danny. 2020. “A reintroduction to our Knowledge Graph and knowledge panels.” May 20. Google. https://blog.google/products/search/about-knowledge-graph-and-knowledge-panels/.

Tani, Alice, Leonardo Candela, and Donatella Castelli. 2013. “Dealing with metadata quality: The legacy of digital library efforts.” Information Processing & Management 49, no. 6 (November): 1181-1344.

Tillett, Barbara B. 1991. “A Taxonomy of Bibliographic Relationships.” Library Resources & Technical Services 35, no. 2 (April): 150–158.

Tillett, Barbara B. 2001. “Bibliographic Relationships.” In Relationships in the Organization of Knowledge, edited by Carol A. Bean and Rebecca Green, 19–35. Information Science and Knowledge Management, v. 2. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

University of Washington Libraries Metadata Implementation Group. 2003. “Musical Instruments in the Collection of the University of Washington Ethnomusicology Division Data Dictionary.” Last modified November 5. https://www.lib.washington.edu/cams/mig/datadicts/ethnomus

University of Washington Libraries Metadata Implementation Group. 2006. “Architecture Collection Data Dictionary.” Last modified February 26. https://www.lib.washington.edu/cams/mig/datadicts/archcolldd

University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee Libraries Digital Collections. 2009. “Transportation around the World: 1911–1993.” Last modified January 6. https://uwm.edu/lib-collections/transportation-around-the-world/.

Urban, Richard J. 2014. “The 1:1 Principle in the Age of Linked Data.” Proceedings of the International Conference on Dublin Core and Metadata Applications, edited by William Moen and Amy Rushing, 119-128. https://dcpapers.dublincore.org/pubs/article/view/3707.

Van Hooland, Seth and Ruben Verborgh. 2014. Linked Data for Libraries, Archives and Museums: How to Clean, Link and Publish your Metadata. Chicago: ALA Editions.

Visual Resources Association (VRA). “VRA Core: a Data Standard for the Description of Images and Works of Art and Culture. http://www.loc.gov/standards/vracore/

Wendler, Robin. 2004. “Eye of the Beholder: Challenges of Image Description and Access at Harvard.” In Metadata in Practice, edited by Diane Hillmann and Elaine Westbrooks, 51–69. Chicago: American Library Association.

Whalen, Maureen. 2016. “Rights Metadata Made Simple.” In Introduction to Metadata. 3rd ed., edited by Murtha Baca. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. https://www.getty.edu/publications/intrometadata/rights-metadata/.

Wolfe, Erin. 2017. “Enhancing Metadata though Standardization and Validation: Practical Application at the University of Kansas Libraries.” Proceedings of the International Conference on Dublin Core and Metadata Applications, Washington, D.C., October 26-29, p. 28-50.

Wood, David, Marsha Zaidman, Luke Ruth, and Michael Hausenblas. 2014. Linked Data: Structured Data on the Web. Shelter Island, NY: Manning.

Xie, Iris, and Krystyna Matusiak. 2016. Discover Digital Libraries: Theory and Practice. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Yott, Patrick. 2005. “Introduction to XML.” In Metadata: A Cataloger’s Primer, edited by Richard P. Smiraglia, 213–235. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press.

Zeng, Marcia Lei and Jian Qin. 2022. Metadata. Third Edition. Chicago: ALA-Neal-Schuman.

This page last updated: July 24, 2022.
Compiled by Steven Jack Miller, Senior Lecturer Emeritus, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee