Typology and Attributes

2021 Update: New sources have been added to the bibliography ad hoc, but a more proper update is ‘on the list’!

There may be some overlap between these references and those found in the ‘General’ category. Here I have tried to gather studies that address specific issues regarding the typology of Cypriot sculpture, as well as the importance and significance of attributes. Cypriot sculpture is characterized by its relatively static, though in many ways creative typology. Likewise, we find the use of attributes (and here I mean dress, accessories, hand-held objects) extremely common. You will also find that many of these studies also address the issue of function, since this question is almost always related to the different types of statues and their attributes.

Albizzati 1928.  C. Albizzati, ‘Una Scoltura Ionica da Cipro,’ RendPontAcc 5, 33-9.

Averett and Counts 2020. E. W. Averett and D. B. Counts, “Cypriot Limestone and Terracotta Sculpture: An Excursus.” In D. B. Counts, E. W. Averett, K. Garstki, and M. K. Toumaou, Visualizing Votive Practice: Exploring Limestone and Terracotta Sculpture from Athienou-Malloura through 3D Models. (Grand Forks: Digital Press at the University of North Dakota, 2020), 35-43.

Beer 1989.  C. Beer, ‘Identification of Cypriot Votive Statues. A Preliminary Case Study,’ in E. G. Peltenburg, Early Society in Cyprus (Edinburgh), 140.

Borda 1946-1947.  M. Borda,  ‘« Kýprios Charaktér » Aspetti della Scultura Arcaica Cipriota,’ RendPontAcc 22, 87-154.

Brehme 2001. S. Brehme, et al. Ancient Cypriote Art in Berlin. Antikensammlung, Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Münzkabinett (Nicosia), see especially ‘Limestone Sculpture’ by M. Brönner, 131-60.

Brönner  1994.  M. Brönner, ‘Heads with Double Crowns,’ in in R. Laffineur and F. Vandenabeele, eds. Cypriote Stone Sculpture (Brussels-Liege, 1994), 47-53.

Budde and Nicholls 1964.  L. Budde and R. Nicholls, A Catalogue of the Greek and Roman Sculpture in the Fitzwilliam Museum Cambridge (Cambridge).

Buitron-Oliver 1990.  D. Buitron-Oliver, ‘Cesnola’s Legacy:  An Example of the Greek Influence on Archaic Cypriot Sculpture,’ North Carolina Museum of Art Bulletin 14, 4-10.

Cassimatis 1982.  H. Cassimatis, ‘A propos de couronnes sur les têtes masculines en calcaire de Chypre,’ RDAC, 156-63.

Cassimatis 1988.  H. Cassimatis, ‘Quelques types de calathoi sur des figurines provenant de Larnaca dans les collections du Louvre,’ RDAC, 45-51.

Casson 1937.  S. Casson, Ancient Cyprus (London).

Caubet and Yon 1994.  A. Caubet and M. Yon, ‘Ateliers de sculpture de Kition: VIe-IVes. av. J.-C.’ in in R. Laffineur and F. Vandenabeele, eds. Cypriote Stone Sculpture (Brussels-Liege), 97-105.

Colonna-Ceccaldi 1882.  G. Colonna-Ceccaldi, Monuments antiques de Chypre, de Syrie et d”Egypt (Paris).

Connelly 1988.  J. B. Connelly, Votive Sculpture of Hellenistic Cyprus (New York).

Coulson and Furmanik 1974. W. D. E. Coulson and D. S. Furmanik, “A Cypriote Votive Statue in the University Gallery at Minnesota,” AJA 78, 71-5.

Counts 1998.  D. Counts, “Contributions to the Study of Cypriote Sculpture: Limestone Votives from Athienou-Malloura, (Ph.D. Dissertation, Brown University).

Counts 2001. D. Counts, “Prolegomena to the Study of Cypriote Sculpture,” Cahier du Centre d’Études Chypriotes 31, 129-181.

Counts 2010. D. Counts, “Divine Symbols and Royal Aspirations: The Master of Animals in Iron Age Cypriote Religion,” in D. B. Counts and B. Arnold (eds.), The Master of Animals in Old World Iconography ( Budapest ), 135-150.

Counts 2011. D. Counts, ” Local Style and Regional Trends in Cypriot Limestone Sculpture: The Athienou School, ” in M. K. Toumazou, P. N. Kardulias, and D. B. Counts, eds. Crossroads and Boundaries: The Archaeology of Past and Present in the Malloura Valley , Cyprus.

Counts 2015. D. B. Counts, “Myth into art: foreign impulses and local responses in archaic Cypriot sanctuaries.” In B. Knapp and P. van Dommelen (eds), The Cambridge Prehistory of the Bronze and Iron Age Mediterranean (Cambridge).

Counts et al. 2020. D. B. Counts, E. W. Averett, K. Garstki, and M. K. Toumaou, Visualizing Votive Practice: Exploring Limestone and Terracotta Sculpture from Athienou-Malloura through 3D Models. (Grand Forks: Digital Press at the University of North Dakota, 2020).

Counts 2020. D. B. Counts, “Male Votaries with Conical Helmets and
Other Headgear.” In D. B. Counts, E. W. Averett, K. Garstki, and M. K. Toumaou, Visualizing Votive Practice: Exploring Limestone and Terracotta Sculpture from Athienou-Malloura through 3D Models. (Grand Forks: Digital Press at the University of North Dakota, 2020), 53-7.

Counts 2020. D. B. Counts, “Male Votaries with Diadems and Cypriot Shorts.” In D. B. Counts, E. W. Averett, K. Garstki, and M. K. Toumaou, Visualizing Votive Practice: Exploring Limestone and Terracotta Sculpture from Athienou-Malloura through 3D Models. (Grand Forks: Digital Press at the University of North Dakota, 2020), 81-3.

Counts 2020. D. B. Counts, “Male Votaries with Vegetal Wreaths and Fillets.” In D. B. Counts, E. W. Averett, K. Garstki, and M. K. Toumaou, Visualizing Votive Practice: Exploring Limestone and Terracotta Sculpture from Athienou-Malloura through 3D Models. (Grand Forks: Digital Press at the University of North Dakota, 2020), 93-5.

De Salvia 1993.  F. de Salvia, “Cipro, Grecia e l” “Egittizzante Cipriota,” StEgAntPun 12, 65-75.

Erath 2002a. G. Erath, “Weibliche Schönheit und männlicher Siegerstolz. Berenike II. und ein Athletenbildnis aus dem hellenistischen Zypern,” in: Die Archäologie Zyperns. Kongressakten (Berlin, 2002), forthcoming.

Erath-Koiner 2002. G. Erath-Koiner, “On the Way to Hellenism. Late Classical and Early Hellenistic Portraits from Cyprus,” in: From Euagoras I. to the Ptolemies. Proceedings of the International Conference (Nicosia 2002), forthcoming.

Erath-Koiner 2003a. G. Erath-Koiner, “Hellenistische Porträts aus Zypern,” in: Akten des 9. Österr. Archäologentages, (Wien), 29-33.

Erath-Koiner 2003b. G. Erath-Koiner, “Weibliche Schönheit und männlicher Siegerstolz. Berenike II. und ein Athletenbildnis aus dem hellenistischen Zypern,” in: V. Karageorghis and S. Rogge (eds.) Junge zyprische Archäologie (Berlin), 105-16.

Erath-Koiner 2005. G. Erath-Koiner, “Der sogenannte Caligula – ein spätrepublikanisches Porträt in Nicosia,” in B. Brandt, et al. (eds.), Synergia: Festschrift für Friedrich Krinzinger (Wien), 171-7.

Faegersten 2003. F. Faegersten, The Egyptianizing Male Limestone Statuary from Cyprus ( Lund ).

Fejfer 2003. J. Fejfer, “Sculpture in Roman Cyprus,” Apollo July 2003, 15-22.

Fourrier 1999.  S. Fourrier, ‘Petite plastique chypriote de Délos,’ BCH 123, 373-88.

Fourrier 2001. S. Fourrier, “Naucratis, Chypre, et la Grèce de l’Est: le commerce des sculptures ‘chypro-ioniennes,’ in Höckmann and Kreikenbom 2001, 39-54.

Fourrier 2007. S. Fourrier, La coroplastie chypriote archaïque (Lyon).

Gaber-Saletan 1980.  P. Gaber-Saletan, “The Limestone Sculpture from Kition,” MedMusB 15, 41-9.

Gaber-Saletan 1981.  P. Gaber-Saletan, “The Limestone Sculpture from the Vouni Region,” MedMusB 16, 39-46.

Gaber-Saletan 1986.  P. Gaber-Saletan, Regional Styles in Cypriote Sculpture: The Sculpture from Idalion (New York).

Gjerstad 1933.  E. Gjerstad, “Cyprisk och Etruskisk Skulptur,” Konsthistorisk Tidskrift 2 (1933), 51-64.

Hemelrijk 1963.  J. M. Hemelrijk, “Some Ear Ornaments in Archaic Cypriot And East Greek Art,” BABesch 38, 28-51.

Hermary 1989a. A. Hermary, Les Antiquités de Chypre: Sculptures (Paris).

Hermary 1989b.  A. Hermary, “Témoignage des documents figurés sur la société chypriote d”époque classique,” in E. G. Peltenburg, Early Society in Cyprus (Edinburgh), 180-96.

Hermary 1990a.  A. Hermary, “Historie des études sur la sculpture chypriote,” Cahier du Centre d’Études Chypriotes 14, 7-28.

Hermary 1990b.  A. Hermary, ‘Petite plastique archaïque de Cnide,’ RLouvre 5, 359-69.

Hermary 1991.  A. Hermary, ‘Sculptures `chypro-ioniennes’ du Musée de L’Ermitage à Leningrad,’ RDAC, 173-7.

Hermary 2004. A. Hermary, “Monuments funeraires et votifs à Chypre: Les steles et les reliefs en pierre,” in R. Bol and D. Kreikenbom (eds.), Sepulkral- und Votivdenkmäler östlicher Mittelmeergebiete (7. Jh. v. Chr. – 1. Jh. n. Chr.): Kultur begegnungen im Spannungsfeld von Akzeptanz und Resistenz (Mainz), 73-83.

Hermary 2005. A. Hermary, “La fin du royaume d’Idalion et son annexion par Kition: le témoignage des sculptures,” CCEC 35, 99-126.

Hermary and Markou 2003. A. Hermary and E. Markou, “Les boucles d’oreilles, bijou masculine à Chypre et en Méditerranée orientale (VII-IV siècles av. J.-C.),” CCEC 33, 211-36.

Hermary and Mertens 2015. A. Hermary and J. Mertens, The Cesnola Collection of Cypriot Antiquities: Stone Sculpture. First revised edition. New York and New Haven: Metropolitan Museum of Art and Yale University Press.

Hill 1940.  G. Hill, A History of Cyprus (Cambridge).

Höckmann and Kreikenbom 2001. U. Höckmann and D. Kreikenbom, Naukratis: Die Beziehungen zu Ostgriechenland, Ägypten und Zypern in archaischer Zeit (Paderborn).

Höckmann 2004. U. Höckmann,  “Werke zyprischer Bildhauer im griechischen Naukratis. Eine Kourosstatuette in Oxford,” R. Bol and D. Kreikenbom (eds.), Sepulkral- und Votivdenkmäler östlicher Mittelmeergebiete (7. Jh. v. Chr. – 1. Jh. n. Chr.): Kultur begegnungen im Spannungsfeld von Akzeptanz und Resistenz (Mainz), 61-72.

Höckmann 2007. U. Höckmann, Zyprisch-griechische Kleinplastik: Kouroi, andere Figuren und plastisch verzierte Gefässe ( Worms ).

Hurschmann 2003. R. Hurschmann, “Archaisch-kyprische Kouroi mit Hosen,” CCEC 33, 168-210.

Hurschmann 2004. R. Hurschmann,  “Zu einer Gruppe archaisch-kyprischer Kouroi,” R. Bol and D. Kreikenbom (eds.), Sepulkral- und Votivdenkmäler östlicher Mittelmeergebiete (7. Jh. v. Chr. – 1. Jh. n. Chr.): Kultur begegnungen im Spannungsfeld von Akzeptanz und Resistenz (Mainz), 61-72.

Kapera 1966.  Z. J. Kapera, “A Female Cypriote Statuette from Cracow,” in M. L. Bernhard, ed., Mélanges offerts à Kazimierz Michalowski (Warsaw), 492-4.

Karageorghis 1989. V. Karageorghis, “A New ‘Geryon’ Terracotta Statuette from Cyprus .” Eretz-Israel 20, 92-7.

Karageorghis 1993.  V. Karageorghis, The Coroplastic Art of Ancient Cyprus III.  The Cypro-Archaic Period: Large and Medium Size Sculpture (Nicosia).

Keesling 2010. C. M. Keesling, “Finding the gods: Greek and Cypriot votive korai revisited,” in J. Mylonopoulos, ed., Divine Images and Human Imaginations in Ancient Greece and Rome . (Leiden), 87-103.

Lawrence 1926.  A. W. Lawrence, “The Primitive Sculpture of Cyprus,” JHS 46, 163-70.

Lewe 1975a.  B. Lewe, “An Archaic Female Head from Cyprus,” BClevMus 62, 271-5.

Lewe 1975b.  B. Lewe, Studien zur Archaischen Kyprischen Plastik (Dortmund).

Maier 1989.  F. G. Maier, “Priest Kings in Cyprus,” in E. G. Peltenburg, Early Society in Cyprus (Edinburgh)., 376-91.

Markoe 1987.  G. Markoe, “A Bearded Head with Conical Cap from Lefkonico: An Examination of a Cypro-Archaic Votary,” RDAC, 119-25.

Markoe 1988.  G. Markoe, “An Egyptianizing Votive Statuette from Kourion,” RDAC, 17-8.

Markoe 1990.  G. Markoe, “Egyptianizing Male Votive Statuary from Cyprus: A Reexamination,” Levant 22, 111-22.

Masson 1997.  O. Masson, “Les ex-voto trouvés par L. Palma di Cesnola à Golgoi en 1870,” Cahier du Centre d’Études Chypriotes 27, 25-9.

Mylonas 1999. D. Mylonas, Archaische Kalkensteinplastik Zyperns (Diss. Mannheim).

Mylonas 2003. D. Mylonas, “Ikonographie und Typologie der kyprischen archaischen Kalkensteinplastik,” in V. Karageorghis and S. Rogge (eds.) Junge zyprische Archäologie (Münster).

Myres 1914.  J. L. Myres, Handbook of the Cesnola Collection of Antiquities from Cyprus, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York  (New York).

Myres 1945a.  J. L. Myres, “The Dates and Origins of Cypriote Sculpture,” BSA 41, 100-104.

Nick 2006. G. Nick, Zypro-ionische Kleinplastik aus Kalkstein und Alabaster (Möhnesee).

Nys and Recke 2004. K. Nys and M. Recke, “Craftsmanship and the Cultural. Political Identity of the Cypriote Kingdoms: The Case of Idalion and Tamassos,” CCEC 34, 211-22.

Palecosta 1998.  E. Palecosta, “L”iconographie des joueurs de lyre a Chypre, du VIIIe au Ve s. av. J.-C.,” Cahier du Centre d’Études Chypriotes 28, 45-66.

Perrot and Chipiez 1885.  G. Perrot and C. Chipiez, Historie de l”art dans l”antiquité III: Phénicie-Cypre (Paris).

Pogiatzi 2003a. E. Pogiatzi, Die Grabreliefs auf Zypern von der archaischen bis zur römischen Zeit (Mannheim).

Pogiatzi 2003b. E. Pogiatzi, “Das Gelage auf kyprischen Grabsreliefs” in V. Karageorghis and S. Rogge (eds.) Junge zyprische Archäologie (Berlin).

Price 1931.  F. N. Pryce, Catalogue of Sculpture in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities of the British Museum I.2 (London).

Raptou 1999.  E. Raptou, Athènes et Chypre à l”époque perse (VIe-IVe s. av. J.-C.) (Lyon).

Richter 1968.  G. M. A. Richter, Korai (London), nos. 154-6 and 190-1.

Richter 1970.  G. M. A. Richter, Kouroi3 (New York), nos. 179-80.

SCE.  E. Gjerstad, et al. Swedish Cyprus Expedition (Stockholm, 1934-1972).

Schmidt 1968.  G. Schmidt, Samos VII: Kyprische Bildwerke aus dem Heraion von Samos (Bonn).

Senff 1993.  R. Senff, Das Apollonheiligtum von Idalion: Architektur und Statuenausstattung eines Zyprischen Heiligtums, SIMA  94 (Jonserd).

Senff 2005. R. Senff, “Dress, Habit, and Status Symbols of Cypriote Statuary from Archaic to Roman Times,” in V. Karagageorghis, H. Matthäus, and S. Rogge (eds.), Cyprus : Religion and Society from the Late Bronze Age to the End of the Archaic Period(Möhnese).

Senff 2006. R. Senff, Tradition and Innovation: Sculpture from the George and Nefeli Giabra Pierides Collection ( Nicosia ).

Sørensen 1978.  L. W Sørensen, “Early Archaic Limestone Statuettes in Cypriote Style: A Review of their Chronology and Place of Manufacture,” RDAC, 111-21.

Sørensen 1994.  L. W Sørensen, “The Divine Image?” in R. Laffineur and F. Vandenabeele, eds. Cypriote Stone Sculpture (Brussels-Liege, 1994), 79-89.

Sørensen 2017. L. W. Sørensen, “True to Type? Archaic Cypriot Male Statues Made of Limestone”. Proceedings of the Danish Institute at Athens 8: 59–87.

Tatton-Brown 1979. V. Tatton-Brown, “A Terracotta ‘Geryon’ in the British Museum .” RDAC, 281-7. Especially interesting for discussion of armor in Cypriote sculpture; see also Törnkvist 1972 below.

Tatton-Brown 1994. V. Tatton-Brown, “Phoenicians at Kouklia,” in R. Laffineur and F. Vandenabeele, eds. Cypriote Stone Sculpture (Brussels-Liege, 1994), 71-7.

Törnkvist 1972.  S. Törnkvist, “ Arms, Armour, and Dress of the Terracotta Sculpture from Ayia Irini, Cyprus,” MedMusB 6, 7-55.

Ulbrich 2008. A. Ulbrich, Kypris : Heiligtuemer und Kulte weiblicher Gottheiten auf Zypern in der kyproarchaischen und kyproklassischen Epoche (Koenigszeit) (Ugarit-Verlag).

Vandenabeele 1994.  F. Vandenabeele, “Petite sculpture in pierre et en terre,” in R. Laffineur and F. Vandenabeele, eds. Cypriote Stone Sculpture (Brussels-Liege, 1994), 127-31.

Vermeule 1974.  C. C. Vermeule, “Cypriote Sculpture, the Late Archaic and Early Classical Periods: Towards a More Precise Understanding,” AJA 78, 287-90.

Vermeule 1988.  C. Vermeule, “Small Statuettes in The Greek World,” RDAC, 135-42.

Weill 1973.  N. Weill, “Une tête de kouros archaïque à Salamine de Chypre,” in Salamine de Chypre IV.  Anthologie Salaminienne (Paris), 57-79.

Westholm 1955.  A. Westholm, “The Cypriote “Temple Boys”, “ OpAth 2, 75-7.

Winblach 1994. M-L. Winblach, “A Cypriote Head,” MedMusB 29, 71.

Yon 1973.  M. Yon, “Lions archaïques,” in Salamine de Chypre IV.  Anthologie Salaminienne (Paris), 19-47.

Yon 1974.  M. Yon, Salamine de Chypre V: Un dépot de sculptures archaïques (Paris).

Yon 1994.  M. Yon, “A propos des modèles assyriens.  La diffusion des découvertes au XIXe s.” in R. Laffineur and F. Vandenabeele, eds. Cypriote Stone Sculpture (Brussels-Liege, 1994), 91-6.

Young and Young 1955.  J. H. Young and S. H. Young, The Terracotta Figurines from Kourion (Philadelphia).

Zournatzi 2008. A. Zournatzi, “Cultural Interactions in the Achaemenid West: A Few Reflections on the Testimony of the Cypriot Archaeological Record, ” in S. M. R. Darbandi and A. Zournatzi (eds.), Ancient Greece and Ancient Iran : Cross-Cultural Encounters( Athens ), 239-55.